\n');if(window.hasFlash!=null)return window.hasFlash}if(navigator.mimeTypes&&navigator.mimeTypes["application/x-shockwave-flash"]&&navigator.mimeTypes["application/x-shockwave-flash"].enabledPlugin){var b=(navigator.plugins["Shockwave Flash 2.0"]||navigator.plugins["Shockwave Flash"]).description;return parseInt(b.charAt(b.indexOf(".")-1))>=a}return false}();String.prototype.normalize=function(){return this.replace(/\s+/g," ")};if(Array.prototype.push==null){Array.prototype.push=function(){var i=0,a=this.length,b=arguments.length;while(i`]*)(#|\.|\>|\`)(.+)$/;function r(s,t){var u=s.split(/\s*\,\s*/);var v=[];for(var i=0;i")h=m(d,f[1]);else h=d.childNodes;for(i=0,n=h.length;i":if(e!=">")h=m(d,f[1]);else h=d.childNodes;for(i=0,n=h.length;i");l=l.concat(j)}return l;case "`":h=m(d,f[1]);for(i=0,n=h.length;i")h=m(d,f[1]);else h=d.childNodes;for(i=0,n=h.length;i-1,b:g.indexOf("safari")>-1,c:navigator.product!=null&&navigator.product.toLowerCase().indexOf("konqueror")>-1,d:g.indexOf("opera")>-1,e:al.contentType!=null&&al.contentType.indexOf("xml")>-1,f:true,g:true,h:null,i:null,j:null,k:null};f.l=f.a||f.c;f.m=!f.a&&navigator.product!=null&&navigator.product.toLowerCase()=="gecko";if(f.m)f.j=new Number(g.match(/.*gecko\/(\d{8}).*/)[1]);f.n=g.indexOf("msie")>-1&&!f.d&&!f.l&&!f.m;f.o=f.n&&g.match(/.*mac.*/)!=null;if(f.d)f.i=new Number(g.match(/.*opera(\s|\/)(\d+\.\d+)/)[2]);if(f.n||(f.d&&f.i<7.6))f.g=false;if(f.a)f.k=new Number(g.match(/.*applewebkit\/(\d+).*/)[1]);if(am.hasFlash&&(!f.n||f.o)){var aj=(navigator.plugins["Shockwave Flash 2.0"]||navigator.plugins["Shockwave Flash"]).description;f.h=parseInt(aj.charAt(aj.indexOf(".")-1))}if(g.match(/.*(windows|mac).*/)==null||f.o||f.c||(f.d&&(g.match(/.*mac.*/)!=null||f.i<7.6))||(f.b&&f.h<7)||(!f.b&&f.a&&f.k<124)||(f.m&&f.j<20020523))f.f=false;if(!f.o&&!f.m&&al.createElementNS)try{al.createElementNS(a,"i").innerHTML=""}catch(e){f.e=true}f.p=f.c||(f.a&&f.k<312)||f.n;return f}();function at(){return{bIsWebKit:f.a,bIsSafari:f.b,bIsKonq:f.c,bIsOpera:f.d,bIsXML:f.e,bHasTransparencySupport:f.f,bUseDOM:f.g,nFlashVersion:f.h,nOperaVersion:f.i,nGeckoBuildDate:f.j,nWebKitVersion:f.k,bIsKHTML:f.l,bIsGecko:f.m,bIsIE:f.n,bIsIEMac:f.o,bUseInnerHTMLHack:f.p}}if(am.hasFlash==false||!al.getElementsByTagName||!al.getElementById||(f.e&&f.p))return{UA:at()};function af(e){if((!k.bAutoInit&&(am.event||e)!=null)||!l(e))return;b=true;for(var i=0,h=ah.length;i';s++}else if(as(v,"br"))u+="
";if(v.hasChildNodes()){y=o(v,null,r,s,t);u+=y.u;s=y.s;t=y.t}if(as(v,"a"))u+=""}w=v;v=v.nextSibling;if(q!=null){x=w.parentNode.removeChild(w);q.appendChild(x)}}return{"u":u,"s":s,"t":t}}function A(B){if(al.createElementNS&&f.g)return al.createElementNS(a,B);return al.createElement(B)}function C(D,E,z){var p=A("param");p.setAttribute("name",E);p.setAttribute("value",z);D.appendChild(p)}function F(p,G){var H=p.className;if(H==null)H=G;else H=H.normalize()+(H==""?"":" ")+G;p.className=H}function aq(ar){var a=ak;if(k.bHideBrowserText==false)a=al.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];if((k.bHideBrowserText==false||ar)&&a)if(a.className==null||a.className.match(/\bsIFR\-hasFlash\b/)==null)F(a, "sIFR-hasFlash")}function j(I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,r,T){if(!l())return ah.push(arguments);aq();named.extract(arguments,{sSelector:function(ap){I=ap},sFlashSrc:function(ap){J=ap},sColor:function(ap){K=ap},sLinkColor:function(ap){L=ap},sHoverColor:function(ap){M=ap},sBgColor:function(ap){N=ap},nPaddingTop:function(ap){O=ap},nPaddingRight:function(ap){P=ap},nPaddingBottom:function(ap){Q=ap},nPaddingLeft:function(ap){R=ap},sFlashVars:function(ap){S=ap},sCase:function(ap){r=ap},sWmode:function(ap){T=ap}});var U=parseSelector(I);if(U.length==0)return false;if(S!=null)S="&"+S.normalize();else S="";if(K!=null)S+="&textcolor="+K;if(M!=null)S+="&hovercolor="+M;if(M!=null||L!=null)S+="&linkcolor="+(L||K);if(O==null)O=0;if(P==null)P=0;if(Q==null)Q=0;if(R==null)R=0;if(N==null)N="#FFFFFF";if(T=="transparent")if(!f.f)T="opaque";else N="transparent";if(T==null)T="";var p,V,W,X,Y,Z,aa,ab,ac;var ad=null;for(var i=0,h=U.length;i'].join("");else{if(f.d){ab=A("object");ab.setAttribute("data",J);C(ab,"quality","best");C(ab,"wmode",T);C(ab,"bgcolor",N)}else{ab=A("embed");ab.setAttribute("src",J);ab.setAttribute("quality","best");ab.setAttribute("flashvars",Z);ab.setAttribute("wmode",T);ab.setAttribute("bgcolor",N)}ab.setAttribute("sifr","true");ab.setAttribute("type","application/x-shockwave-flash");ab.className="sIFR-flash";if(!f.l||!f.e)ad=ab.cloneNode(true)}}else ab=ad.cloneNode(true);if(f.g){if(f.d)C(ab,"flashvars",Z);else ab.setAttribute("flashvars",Z);ab.setAttribute("width",V);ab.setAttribute("height",W);ab.style.width=V+"px";ab.style.height=W+"px";p.appendChild(ab)}p.appendChild(aa);if(f.p)p.innerHTML+=""}if(f.n&&k.bFixFragIdBug)setTimeout(function(){al.title=d},0)}function ai(){d=al.title}function ae(){if(k.bIsDisabled==true)return;c=true;if(k.bHideBrowserText)aq(true);if(am.attachEvent)am.attachEvent("onload",af);else if(!f.c&&(al.addEventListener||am.addEventListener)){if(f.a&&f.k>=132&&am.addEventListener)am.addEventListener("load",function(){setTimeout("sIFR({})",1)},false);else{if(al.addEventListener)al.addEventListener("load",af,false);if(am.addEventListener)am.addEventListener("load",af,false)}}else if(typeof am.onload=="function"){var ag=am.onload;am.onload=function(){ag();af()}}else am.onload=af;if(!f.n||am.location.hash=="")k.bFixFragIdBug=false;else ai()}k.UA=at();k.bAutoInit=true;k.bFixFragIdBug=true;k.replaceElement=j;k.updateDocumentTitle=ai;k.appendToClassName=F;k.setup=ae;k.debug=function(){aq(true)};k.debug.replaceNow=function(){ae();k()};k.bIsDisabled=false;k.bHideBrowserText=true;return k}();
if(typeof sIFR == "function" && !sIFR.UA.bIsIEMac){
sIFR.setup();
};
RESEARCH & POLICY
Reports
-
Technical Appendix - Chapter 2 : Reducing Risks from Climate Change
Dec 1, 2004December 2004
Read more »
-
Technical Appendix - Chapter 3 : Improving Energy Effciency
Dec 1, 2004December 2004
Read more »
-
Technical Appendix - Chapter 4: Expanding Energy Supply
Dec 1, 2004December 2004
Read more »
-
Technical Appendix - Chapter 5: Strengthening Energy-Supply Infrastructure
Dec 1, 2004December 2004
Read more »
-
Technical Appendix - Chapter 6 : Developing Better Energy Technologies For the Future
Dec 1, 2004December 2004
Read more »
-
Technical Appendix - Chapter 1 : Enhancing Oil Security
Dec 1, 2004December 2004
Read more »
-
United States and the Middle East: Policies and Dilemmas
Nov 17, 2004Risk of Oil Supply Disruptions
Amy Myers Jaffe
The purpose of this paper is to explore the topic of the externality costs associated with rising U.S. oil consumption that are not easily quantifiable by strictly economic or monetary calculations.
Read more »
-
The Costs of US Oil Dependency
Nov 17, 2004Risk of Oil Supply Disruptions
Ian W.H. Parry and Joel Darmstadter
Energy security may broadly be described as a state of affairs characterized by conditions and policies that safeguard the health of the US economy against circumstances threatening significant...
Read more »
-
Increasing U.S. Natural Gas Supplies
Oct 1, 2003A Discussion Paper and Recommendations from the National Commission on Energy Policy
U.S. consumption of natural gas increased by 18 percent between 1990 and 2002 and is expected to grow for at least the next two decades, in large part because of substantial additions of gasfired...
Read more »
-
Reviving the Electricity Sector
Aug 14, 2003Findings of the National Commission on Energy Policy
Electric- industry restructuring has derailed. The massive blackout of August 14, 2003 certainly was not needed to underscore the point, but it adds urgency to the effort to find solutions.
Read more »